1#include <iostream>
2#include <stdexcept>
3using namespace std;
4 
5void inner() {
6    throw runtime_error("inner error");
7}
8 
9void outer() {
10    try {
11        inner();
12    } catch (const runtime_error& e) {
13        cout << "Logging: " << e.what() << endl;
14        throw;  // rethrow
15    }
16}
17 
18int main() {
19    try {
20        outer();
21    } catch (const runtime_error& e) {
22        cout << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
23    }
24    return 0;
25}